Ohm's Law & Closed Circuit EMF Equation
闭合电路欧姆定律与电功率公式
Theoretical Identity Description:
Relates current (I) in a closed circuit to source EMF (E), external resistance (R), and internal resistance (r). Terminal voltage U decreases linearly with current.
Rigorous Derivation Tree
Foundational identity statement defined under standard mathematical conditions.
Targeted algebraic evaluation and parameter substitution.
CSCA Exam Triggers & Traps
Use for dynamic circuit analysis, voltmeter/ammeter internal resistance corrections, and maximum power transfer theorem.
Terminal voltage U equals EMF (E) only in an open circuit (I = 0). Under load, U is always strictly less than E.
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